PPI SyEN 21

Read monthly Project Performance International's Systems Engineering Newsjournal, named "PPI SyEN". PPI SyEN presents for the engineering professional 30-60 pages of valuable technical articles on topical subjects, shorter technical pieces, in-depth coverage of the month's news in systems engineering and directly related fields, pointers to useful resources and relevant industry events, plus limited information on PPI's activities.

Welcome to PPI SyEN 21

WHAT’S INSIDE:

A Quotation to Open On

Feature Article: Modelling as a Tool in the Engineering of Systems of Systems

Systems Engineering News

  • Call for Papers: MODELS 2010 Doctoral Symposium
  • Systems Thinking 101: The Magic of Systems Thinking
  • Survey of Systems Engineering for VSMEs and Small Projects
  • Upcoming Submission Deadlines and Themes for INSIGHT
  • Please Take Part in the INCOSE UK’s Systems Engineering Survey

Featured Societies – TBD

INCOSE Technical Operations – Systems Engineering Standards Resource Center

Systems Engineering Software Tools News

  • PivotPoint Doubles Down on Business Process Modeling with Advanced BPMN 2 + UML 2 Training
  • eDev Technologies Launches inteGREAT Enterprise 2010
  • New Interoperability Tools for IBM Rational DOORS users
  • Atego launches Artisan Studio 7.2

Systems Engineering Books, Reports, Articles and Papers

  • Complexity and Management – Fad or Radical Challenge to Systems Thinking?
  • Process Improvement and CMMI® for Systems and Software
  • Systems Thinking: A Technique to Find Project Problems

Conferences and Meetings

Education and Academia

  • Institute for Advanced Systems Engineering
  • Research Fellow – University of Surrey – Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Surrey Space Centre

Some Systems Engineering-Relevant Websites

Standards and Guides

  • Tutorial: Architectural Rendering with ISO/IEC 42010

A Definition to Close on

PPI News

PPI Events

A Quotation to Open On

TBD

Feature Article

Modelling as a Tool in the Engineering of Systems of Systems

By Jan Roodt

jan.roodt.nz@gmail.com

Introduction

Golden Gate Bridge[1]

Modern engineering is continuing to push the boundaries, just like the civil engineering of the previous centuries did within the context of those days. Building the large span bridges like the Golden Gate Bridge shown above, was not a simple feat. Engineers had to consider new materials, new ways of construction, the geography of the region (on a known planetary fault line and prone to earthquakes), and many other issues. What is interesting is that engineers have been using models since antiquity to first of all sell their concepts, and then to ensure that the final product adhered to the original intent as closely as possible.

In this short article I want to consider the challenges faced by modern system engineers dealing with complexity. A short introduction to the concept of complexity (and why it is relevant to system engineering) will be followed by some ideas around the modelling of systems that exhibit the properties of complex systems.

Complexity surrounds us

There are many definitions and descriptions for the concept of complexity. I like to consider complex systems, mainly because complexity can be thought of as a systemic property [1]. Furthermore, my interest in this article is in those systems with a multitude of interacting, hierarchical elements, some of which may be human, or elements with non-linear behaviour, like fuzzy control systems. The problem with these types of systems is that is almost impossible to determine how all the elements may interact at any given time, or what sort of system level behaviour may emerge. Given a certain behaviour, it follows that it is also difficult to understand how each of the components contribute to the observed, emergent operation.

Complex systems are sensitive to small perturbations: this immediately raises concerns around repeatability, and what worked last time may turn out not to be a solution this time. If the system adapts over time, as all complex systems do, it implies that a strategy that worked today may not work tomorrow. Casti [2] gives us a few pointers to try and identify complex systems. Complex systems:

  1. Have a moderate number of “agents” or elements,
  2. Are intelligent (capable of non-linear response) and adaptive,
  3. Rely on “Small World” interaction.

Agents are entities with input-output behaviour, acting on information and adaptive, taking history into consideration, so they can compare past with present. It has access to a basic learning algorithm. The number of agents is more than a few, but less than a multitude. This means that there is enough interaction to ensure richness, but not so much that we can approximate the behaviour by statistics. Small world interactions dictate that a network is established between “nearest” neighbours and no single agent has access to all the signals in the environment, but relies on the network for access to information. To design and instantiate any system to work in such an environment or to be a part of such a system, one must understand if it itself will be a complex system and how to bound the design space.

By definition a system has a boundary and complex systems have “ports” or porous boundaries through which they interact with the environment (which one could see as a system too). The complex system derives information from the environment, acts on it and reacts on feedback. This supplies the complex system with context and obviously makes demarcation of the appropriate boundary to the space to be considered during design. Philosophically speaking, if one considers the Universe a system, the big question is where the boundaries are, and how the system is “open”. If it is not open, one can claim that it is not complex! In any socio-technical system (a collection of human or “aware” agents and machine elements that interact in an integrated way), the system behaviour arises from multiple interactions amongst the constituent parts, and in as a result of its contextual connectedness to the environment in which it is embedded [3].

As I am interested in developing some ideas around the engineering of systems-of-systems, my argument is that “boundary” establishment and management must be seen as a crucial part of the initial work. Without understanding how the system interacts with its environment, and where the environment “begins and ends”, the task of defining the system context in any sense – ontologically or phenomenologically, is almost impossible.

In short then, most of our modern systems are of a socio-technical nature and are complex. New service-oriented systems must be devised daily, for example and it is expected that the system engineer will ensure that the delivered solutions match the (rapidly changing) market requirements, that it can be adapted over time and sustained and serviced as needed over its full life cycle, and that it is (and remains) interoperable with other systems [4] amongst other things. How do we go about successfully defining and developing new systems in such an environment?

Modelling to Understand

In a recent book on the topic of the design of complex systems, Aslaksen [5] makes an urgent case for top-down design approaches to ensure that systems achieve their required operational goals. I have adapted his diagram slightly to highlight the process.

topdownbottomup.jpg

We are all aware of the fact that almost all the large projects we encounter these days require new technology innovations. What Aslaksen is saying is that if we start from our established base and we design solutions with that context only, we will get more of the same and possibly a large mismatch with the required capability of the system. His counter proposal is to start with the conceptual functional solution. I am saying that a process in a tight cycle with bottom-up methods should be followed and the way to achieve this is to use modelling extensively to synthesise existing and conceptual technologies and processes into a continuous evolutionary solution space. This does not mean that we have a shifting baseline in the worst sense, but rather that the technology trends can be utilized more effectively to track the changing requirements space as part of a through-life approach to the solution.

According to Cilliers [6], modelling allows us to build an understanding of things. At the same time he is careful to state that complex systems may be problematic in this sense and one of the reasons mentioned [7] is the notion of incompressibility. The idea is that there is no accurate model of the system that is simpler than the system itself: we need to use the system as the model! This is perfectly reasonable from a philosophical perspective, but has limited value in engineering. As a physicist I believe that Cilliers is correct and as an engineer I hold that we must find ways to work around his constraint. Indeed, Cilliers specifically does not argue against modelling, but only argues that no perfect model can be found for a complex system.

Going back to an earlier statement that the system boundary management is a key element of system engineering, it may be possible to use modelling techniques and tools that start from context setting to derive reasonable and appropriate system solutions. The context will dictate the level of detail needed in the functional and ontological sense. Building software models in a cyclic manner, that is, modelling more detail in a functional sense only up to the point that the system elements seem to deliver a coherent solution to the need, may hold the key. The following diagram shows what modelling methods are appropriate to describe what type of phenomena.

Model Framework.jpg

Some models in physics approach the laws of nature, like the conservation of energy. It is possible to write down equations for these relationships that accurately describe the phenomenon to the best of our current knowledge. I refer to these on the Y-axis as puzzles. At the other end of the scale are the messy realities where we know that it is difficult to derive an optimal solution. We have no way of knowing that we have indeed discovered an optimal solution, or if one in fact exists. Here the only way to describe the problem would be to have a model that frames the context and relationships, a qualitative model rather than a quantitative one.

The interesting thing is that once such a descriptive and coherent model exists, it becomes possible to derive functional and causal models at the level of system behaviour, which in turn allows us to understand how the system elements may be interacting. This does not mean that we have a full understanding of the non-linearities in the system. It only means that we can isolate contextual blocks that can yield to known design approaches, like SysML [8]. Constantly jumping into the detail and then standing back to evaluate the result allows us to develop a system level model and understanding that may be used to design the first functional description of the complex system we need to develop.

The Case of Command and Control Modelling

Command and Control (C&C) in military systems is not a simple thing to model as it relies heavily on the people making decisions and advanced supporting technologies, like networks, radios, etc. It is a classic social-technical system.

A current project allows us to experiment with the methods described above in this domain of military affairs. The goal is to develop an adaptive doctrine and resulting C&C for use in modern warfare. It was found that setting a context and describing the boundary of the system to be developed highlighted several issues. It was discovered that the C&C remains complex, no matter what functional level or hierarchical level of military organization was designated. C&C remains complex in the sense described by Casti and listed earlier, whether it is studied at the level of an air defence battery, or at the level of a battalion. The people and their actions and decision processes are core elements that drive the system behaviour.

However, it is recognized that in terms of relationships and patterns, one can make a case for a process description that could scale, given that the human agents are modelled to interact in a non-linear way with the process, in response to a well defined set of environmental stimuli. Mixing event based (process modelling) and agent based modelling seems to yield a system model that has emergent behaviour that is coherent and similar to that of the real systems.

A top-down and bottoms up cycle is used to link functionality required with known technological constraints or parameters. By “stretching” the ability of the technologies or the doctrine or both, better fit with the stated needs can be demonstrated. From the perspective of the discipline of Systems Engineering, this is a promising result, because once the functional description of the system emerges, classic processes can be used to develop the requirements and to turn out feasible solutions. Once this is done, it is possible to procure systems off the shelf or to develop custom modifications to fit with a local requirement.

Conclusion

Although it is not possible to develop absolute models of complex systems, it is still possible to develop a range of models that will allow the systems engineer to gain the upper hand in the design and delivery of real working systems. The new understanding about the nature of socio-technical systems can be used in this endeavour. I argued that proper contextualization and boundary setting is a critical pre-condition for success. Too often the pressure is there to start from the current technology base and building blocks, with the result that more of the same, and mostly off-the-mark solutions are delivered. The expectations that more smart systems will be developed to support humankind, will grow. With it the tools and approaches have to develop rapidly to take the new reality into account.

Reference List

  1. Juarrero, A. (2010), Complex Dynamical Systems Theory, retrieved from http://cognitive-edge.com/articledetails.php?articleid=62 on 8 June 2010.
  2. Casti, J L. (1997), Would-be Worlds – How simulation is changing the frontiers of science, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  3. Mathieson, G.L. (2009), Knots, Lace and Tartan: Making Sense of Complex Human Systems in Military Operations Research – The Selected Works of Graham L. Mathieson, edited by K.A. Richardson, ISCE Publishing.
  4. Oliver, D.W., Kelliber, T.P. & Keegan, J.G. (1997), Engineering Complex Systems with Models and Objects, New York: McGraw-Hill.
  5. Aslaksen, E.W. (2009), Designing Complex Systems: Foundations of design in the functional domain, New York: CRC Press – Taylor and Francis Group.
  6. Cilliers, P. (1998), Complexity and postmodernism – Understanding complex systems, New York: Routledge.
  7. Cilliers, P. (2000), Knowledge, Complexity and Understanding, Emergence Vol 2 (4): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  8. Weilkiens, T. (2007), System Engineering with SysML/UML – Modeling, Analysis, Design, Amsterdam: Elsevier – Morgen Kaufmann.

About Jan Roodt

Jan Roodt is a member of INCOSE and a registered practicing scientist at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in South Africa. In his capacity as Contracts R&D Manager he has established several new areas of technology research and application for the RSA DoD, including a capability for applied research in Command and Control and an application area focused on modelling and simulation for acquisition decision support (MSADS). Jan holds a PhD in Engineering Science from the University of Stellenbosch and will relocate to Dunedin in New Zealand during July 2010, where he plans to start a small consultancy.

Systems Engineering News

Call for Papers: MODELS 2010 Doctoral Symposium

The goal of the Doctoral symposium is to provide a forum in which PhD students can present their work in progress and to foster the role of MODELS as a premier venue for research in model-driven engineering. The symposium aims to support students by providing independent and constructive feedback about their already completed and, more importantly, planned research work.

The technical scope of the symposium covers all topics of MODELS 2010.

More information

Systems Thinking 101: The Magic of Systems Thinking

If you’ve ever wondered “What is systems thinking?” or wanted to know more about systems thinking in general, check out this handy 7-day series.

More information

Survey of Systems Engineering for VSMEs and Small Projects

The Systems Engineering for Very Small and Micro Enterprises (SE for VSMEs) Working Group (WG), a WG mandated by INCOSE (International Council on Systems Engineering) and AFIS (Association Française d’Ingénierie Système), is conducting a survey to:

  • Identify strengths and weaknesses of product development practices in VSMEs and small projects in Various Domains 
  • Characterize the state of practice of product development in this context 
  • Identify areas where the practice of systems engineering can better assist product development in this context

The survey can be taken at http://isosurvey.logti.etsmtl.ca/vsme_survey_eng.htm

Upcoming Submission Deadlines and Themes for INSIGHT

INSIGHT is the newsletter of International Council on Systems Engineering. It is published four times per year (January, April, July, October). INSIGHT features status and information about INCOSE’s technical work, local chapters, and committees and boards. Additionally, related events, editorials, book reviews, trends, and how-to-do articles that are pertinent to the many aspects of a systems engineer’s job are also included, as space permits.

Upcoming submission deadlines and themes for INSIGHT

Issue

Submission Date for General Articles

Theme

Theme Editor

Deadline for Theme Article Proposal*

3rd Qtr 2010

8 Aug 2010**

2010 International Symposium Coverage: Chicago, Illinois, USA

Jack Stein

11 Nov 2009

4th Qtr 2010

15 Oct 2010

Systems Development from Deep Sea to Deep Space: Lessons from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab

Mike O’Driscoll and Sam Seymour

 

1st Qtr 2011

15 Feb 2011

Knowledge Management for Systems Engineering

Regina Griego

21 May 2010

More information

Please Take Part in the INCOSE UK’s Systems Engineering Survey

INCOSE UK is now looking to broaden its knowledge of the UK’s Systems Engineering (SE) community by understanding the work Systems Engineers do in a little more detail. For example: are they being offered the right challenges and opportunities? Are they using their SE skills as they would like? What do they find most rewarding from their career as a Systems Engineers? The answers to these and similar questions will guide INCOSE UK in how it continues to support Systems Engineering across the UK

More information

Featured Society – TBD

TBD

INCOSE Technical Operations

Systems Engineering Standards Resource Center

The International Council on Systems Engineering Standards Technical Committee (STC) is one of the most active communities within INCOSE. Its members are working to advance and harmonize systems engineering standards used worldwide.

Current SE Standards

ANSI/GEIA EIA-632, Processes for Engineering a System, 01 Sept 2003

Available for purchase from the Government Electronics and Information Technology Association (GEIA)

Under revision by GEIA G-47 to align with ISO/IEC 15288; early stage of development (next meeting January 2005).

EIA/IS 731.1, Systems Engineering Capability Model, Electronic Industries Alliance (Interim Standard), 01 Aug 2002

Available for purchase from the Government Electronics and Information Technology Association (GEIA)

IEEE 1220-1998, IEEE Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 01 May 1998

Available for purchase from the Government Electronics and Information Technology Association (GEIA)

Revision to align IEEE 1220 with ISO/IEC 15288 and provide a lower level of detail than 15288 is underway and due out December 2004. After that it will be fast tracked as an ISO standard.

ECSS-E-10 Space Engineering
Systems Engineering Part 1B: Requirements and process, 18 Nov 2004
Systems Engineering Part 6A: Functional and technical specifications, 09 Jan 2004
Systems Engineering Part 7A: Product data exchange, 25 August 2004

Available for download from European Cooperation for Space Standardization

ISO/IEC 15288: 2002 – System Life Cycle Processes

Available for purchase from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

JTC1/SC7/WG7

Harmonization of ISO/IEC 15288 and ISO/IEC 12207:1995 & 2 Addendum 2002, 2004 (software life cycle processes) is under development. This is nearing WD.1 (working draft 1) stage.

ISO/IEC 19760:2003 – A Guide for the Application of ISO/IEC 15288

Available for purchase from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

ISO/IEC 15504: 2004 – Information Technology – Process Assessment

JTC1/SC7/WG10

Available for purchase from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary (2004)

Part 2: Performing an assessment (2003)

Part 3: Guidance on performing an assessment (2004)

Part 4: Guidance on use for process improvement and process capability determination (2004)

Part 5: An assessment model and indicator guidance (1999)

ISO 10303-AP233, Industrial automation systems and integration — Part 233: Systems engineering data representation

TC184/SC4/WG3/T8

Additional information available on the AP-233 website

Currently in working draft form

Other Standards

ANSI/AIAA G-043-1992, Guide for the Preparation of Operational Concept Documents

Being upgraded now by INCOSE and AIAA partnership

IEEE 1471, 2000: IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems

Available for purchase from IEEE

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI)

All you need to know is available from the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute’s CMMI website

Merger of SW-CMM (from SEI) and SECM (EIA/IS 731)

Released in July 2000 (Combined SE/SW model)

Later release with IPD elements (version 1.01), Nov 2000

Might be developed into full standard by EIA

Unified Modeling Language (UML)

Available for download from the Object Modeling Group (OMG)

To be issued as ISO standard

Version 1.5 is released; version 2.0 is in finalization

Systems Modeling Language (SysML)

Latest draft is available for download from the SysML Partners website

The INCOSE Modeling & Tools Technical Committee is working with the OMG and SysML Partners to create an extension to UML version 2.0 to support systems engineering

Systems Engineering Software Tools News

PivotPoint Doubles Down on Business Process Modeling with Advanced BPMN 2 + UML 2 Training

PivotPoint Technology Corporation announced that it is expanding its business process modeling training and is supporting the synergistic usage of two leading modeling language standards—BPMN and UML. PivotPoint’s new advanced business process modeling workshops will extend its popular Essential BPMN Applied™ workshops for business analysts and software developers.

More information

eDev Technologies Launches inteGREAT Enterprise 2010

eDev launched inteGREAT Enterprise 2010 for automated requirements definition on April 6th 2010 at Microsoft Canada Head Quarters.

inteGREAT, a Microsoft BlueSky award winning product, is a requirements definition, simulation, validation, collaboration and test document automation technology that provides bidirectional integration with Team Foundation Server 2010.

Part of the offering is this inteGREAT Acquisition Business Case and Return on Investment.

D:\Documents and Settings\Anila.TECHNOLOGY\Desktop\3-5-2010 10-04-28 AM.gif

New Interoperability Tools for IBM Rational DOORS users

SODIUS has just released MDConnect™ for DOORS solutions that help the DOORS® user community navigate through their requirement data in Eclipse and interoperate with other applications.

IBM Rational DOORS is often used in conjunction with other lifecycle tools of various types and from multiple vendors, creating increasing challenges to design and maintain traceability throughout these projects. All the necessary interactions between those applications make integration and interoperability questions more and more critical.

This new offering enforces SODIUS’s commitment to bring innovative solutions to address interoperability challenges and allow lifecycle tools to work together

More information

Atego launches Artisan Studio 7.2

Atego has launched Artisan Studio 7.2, a major new version of its flagship model-driven development tool suite.

Artisan Studio 7.2 delivers a variety of significant new modeling capabilities and functions. Artisan Studio has been re-architected to provide role-based Editions which have been specifically designed to make the working environment more relevant and efficient for the specialist needs of Enterprise Architects, Systems Engineers and Software Engineers. Artisan Studio also adds DoDAF capabilities to complete its support for the OMG’s UPDM 1.0 standard for defense architectural frameworks. Artisan Studio 7.2 also extends Artisan Studio Reviewer with metric reporting and simplifies the user interface to Artisan Publisher as well as continuing to improve core technologies with a new model comparison tool, the Artisan Model Differencer, and adds more functionality for the Automatic Code Synchronizer and Activity Modeling.

More information

Systems Engineering Books, Reports, Articles and Papers

Complexity and Management

Fad or Radical Challenge to Systems Thinking?

Author: Ralph D. Stacey

Publisher: Routledge, UK, 2000

ISBN: 978-0-415-24761-0 (paperback)

978-0-415-24760-3 (hardback)

978-0-203-18468-4 (electronic)

Publication CoverSummary:

Complexity theory is generating increasing interest amongst strategic thinkers. This fascinating book covers issues such as predictability, creativity and relationships as it considers how complexity, and its central principles of emergence and self-organization, are being used to understand organizations. The book:

  • introduces the variety of views put forward by different writers on complexity and management
  • outlines and critiques the way that complexity theory is frequently interpreted purely in the context of systems thinking
  • draws a new perspective on using complexity sciences to understand organizational stability and change by focusing on the emergence of novelty and creativity in the course of everyday processes
  • calls for a radical re-examination of management thinking.

Timely and controversial, Complexity and Management is essential reading for anyone interested in strategy, systems thinking, organization and management theory, and organizational change.

More Information

Process Improvement and CMMI® for Systems and Software

Ron S. Kenett, KPA, Ltd., Raanana, Israel;

Emanuel Baker, Process Strategies, Inc., Los Angeles, California, USA

Publisher: CRC Press, March 09 2010

ISBN: 9781420060508

ISBN 10: 1420060503

Summary:

Presenting the state of the art in strategic planning and process improvement, Process Improvement and CMMI® for Systems and Software provides a workable approach for achieving cost-effective process improvements for systems and software. Focusing on planning, implementation, and management in system and software processes, it supplies a brief overview of basic strategic planning models and covers fundamental concepts and approaches for system and software measurement, testing, and improvements.

The book represents the significant cumulative experience of the authors who were among the first to introduce quality management to the software development processes. It introduces CMMI® and various other software and systems process models. It also provides readers with an easy-to-follow methodology for evaluating the status of development and maintenance processes and for determining the return on investment for process improvements.

The authors examine beta testing and various testing and usability programs. They highlight examples of useful metrics for monitoring process improvement projects and explain how to establish baselines against which to measure achieved improvements. Divided into four parts, this practical resource covers:

  • Strategy and basics of quality and process improvement
  • Assessment and measurement in systems and software
  • Improvements and testing of systems and software
  • Managing and reporting data

The text concludes with a realistic case study that illustrates how the process improvement effort is structured and brings together the methods, tools, and techniques discussed. Spelling out how to lay out a reasoned plan for process improvement, this book supplies readers with concrete action plans for setting up process improvement initiatives that are effective, efficient, and sustainable.

More information

Systems Thinking: A Technique to Find Project Problems

Posted on 16. Jun, 2009 in NETWORK by Bas de Baar

Finding the real cause of a project problem can be a difficult task. You have to look for patterns …

“These patterns are dynamic systems in action, a human system seen over a time period. Patterns are trends over time and involve dependencies with other systems. To spot such trends in projects we use metrics as indicators. If I have the right metrics I can ignore everything around me and focus just on the dashboard.”

A technique that can be used to find patterns and the real cause-effect-chains in projects is systems thinking. “Systems Thinking” is one of the 5 disciplines described in the famous book “The Fifth Discipline” by Peter Senge (for an overview view my posting “Fifth Discipline: What To Do When All Your Projects Are Failing“).

This is the first post in a series that will describe this technique and how to use it in your projects.

More Information

Conferences and Meetings

The Second Workshop on Behavioural Modelling – Foundations and Application

(BM-FA 2010)

15 June 2010, University of Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

http://www.ou.nl/eCache/DEF/2/17/059.html

3rd Workshop on Model-based Testing in Practice

Held in conjunction with ECMFA 2010

June 15/16 2010, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

http://www.fokus.fraunhofer.de/en/fokus_events/motion/motip_2010/index.html

The Fifth Workshop “From code centric to model centric: Evaluating the effectiveness of MDD (C2M:EEMDD)”

Held in conjunction with ECMFA 2010

June 15th-18th, 2010, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

http://www.esi.es/modelplex/c2m/

2nd International Workshop on Model-driven Product Line Engineering

Held in conjunction with ECMFA 2010

June 15th-18th, 2010, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

http://lero.ie/mdple2010/

6th European Conference on Modelling Foundations and Applications

(ECMFA 2010)

June 15-18, 2010, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

http://www.ecmfa-2010.org/

3rd Workshop on Model-Driven Tool & Process Integration

Held in conjunction with ECMFA 2010

June 16, 2010, University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France

http://www.fokus.fraunhofer.de/en/fokus_events/motion/mdtpi_2010/index.html

An Introduction to Requirements

June 16, 2010, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK

http://www.resg.org.uk/index.php/An_Introduction_to_Requirements_20101

17th Annual American Society for Engineering Education Conference

June 20 – 23, 2010, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

http://www.asee.org/conferences/annual/2010/

2nd International Workshop on Abstractions for Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency

a satellite event of Petri Nets 2010

June 21, 2010, Braga, Portugal

http://www.win.tue.nl/apnoc2010/

International Workshop on Formalization of Modeling Languages

Colocated with ECOOP 2010

June 21 or 22, 2010 – Maribor, Slovenia

http://www.cis.uab.edu/FML2010

PETRI NETS 2010

June 21-25, 2010, Braga, Portugal

http://acsd-petrinets2010.di.uminho.pt/?page=Main

 

ACSD 2010: 10th International Conference on Application of Concurrency to System Design

Collocated with Petri Nets 2010

June 21-25, 2010, Braga, Portugal

http://acsd-petrinets2010.di.uminho.pt/?page=ACSD2010

IEEE International Conference on Systems of Systems Engineering

June 22 to 24, 2010, Henry Ford College, Loughborough University, UK

http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/whatson/event2282.html

Swiss Requirements Day 2010

June 23, 2010, Kongresshaus, Zurich, Switzerland

http://www.swissrequirementsday.ch/

ISARCS 2010 – 1st International Symposium on Architecting Critical Systems

Federated with CompArch 2010

June 23-25 2010 Prague, Czech Republic

http://www.isarcs.org/isarcs2010/

Conference on Systems Thinking & System Dynamics in the classroom

June 26-28, 2010, Babson Conference Center, Wellesley, Massachusetts, USA

http://www.e3washington.org/events/item.html?id=89

1st International Workshop on Collaborative Modeling & Simulation – CoMetS’10

June 28 – 30, 2010, TEI of Larissa (Greece)

http://www.sel.uniroma2.it/CoMetS10/

ICMT2010 – Intl. Conference on Model Transformation

Co-located with TOOLS Europe 2010, ICSMP 2010, SEAFOOD 2010, TAP 2010

June 28-July 2 2010 – Malaga, Spain

http://www.model-transformation.org/ICMT2010/

1st Workshop “RE in Small Companies (RESC)”

Held in conjunction with REFSQ 2010, Essen, Germany

June 29, 2010, Essen, Germany

http://korem.de/resc2010.html

CREARE – 1st Workshop on Creativity in Requirements Engineering

Held in conjunction with REFSQ 2010, Essen, Germany

29th June 2010, in Essen, Germany

http://sites.google.com/site/creare2010/

First International Workshop on Product Line Requirements Engineering and Quality (PLREQ’10)

Held in conjunction with REFSQ 2010, Essen, Germany

June 30, 2010, Essen, Germany

http://sites.google.com/site/plreq10/home

2nd International Workshop on Model Transformation with ATL

In conjunction with Tools 2010 Federated Conferences.

June 30, 2010 – Malaga, Spain

http://www.emn.fr/z-info/atlanmod/index.php/MtATL2010

16th International Working Conference on Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality (RefsQ 2010)

June 30 July 2, 2010, Essen, Germany

http://www.sse.uni-due.de/refsq/2010/

IV Brazilian e-Science Workshop

(in conjunction with CSBC 2010)

July 2010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

http://www.dcc.ufrj.br/~escience/

Transformation Tool Contest 2010

Satellite workshop to TOOLS 2010

July 1-2, 2010, Malaga, Spain

http://is.ieis.tue.nl/staff/pvgorp/events/TTC2010/

2010 International Conference on System Science and Engineering (ICSSE2010)

July 1-3, 2010, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan

http://isd.ie.ntnu.edu.tw/ICSSE2010/

10th International Conference on Web Engineering

July 5 – 9, 2010 in Vienna, Austria

http://icwe2010.webengineering.org/

Resilient & Secure Architectures – Afternoon Seminar

July 6, 2010, Auditorium, Engineers Australia National Office, Barton Australia

Resiliant architecture flyer.pdf

Dutch Model Checking Day

July 9, 2010, Eindhoven University of Technology

http://www.win.tue.nl/dmcd2010/

Sixth Workshop on Model Checking and Artificial Intelligence (MoChArt 2010)

At AAAI-2010, Twenty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence

July 11, 2010, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

http://mochart.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/

Summer Computer Simulation Conference (SCSC 2010)

July 11–14, 2010, Ottawa, Canada

http://www.dacya.ucm.es/jlrisco/SCSC10/doku.php

20th Annual INCOSE International Symposium

July 11 – 15, 2010, Hyatt Regency O’Hare, Rosemont, IL, USA

http://www.incose.org/newsevents/events/details.aspx?id=77

Eighth International Workshop on Dynamic Analysis (WODA 2010)

Co-located with ISSTA 2010

July 12th or July13th 2010, Trento, Italy

4th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-Based Systems (DEBS 2010)

July 12-15, 2010, Cambridge, United Kingdom

http://debs10.doc.ic.ac.uk/

4th IEEE International Workshop on Requirements Engineering For Services (REFS’10)

In conjunction with COMPSAC 2010

July 19 – 23, 2010, Seoul, Korea

http://compsac.cs.iastate.edu/workshop_details.php?id=22

1st International Workshop on Complexity and Real World Applications Using the Tools and Concepts from the Complexity Sciences to Support Real World Decision-making Activities

July 21-23, 2010, Southampton, England

http://iscepublishing.com/Forum/default.aspx?g=posts&m=227

http://www.decisionmechanics.com/1st-international-workshop-on-complexity-and-real-world-applications-first-call-for-interest/

System Dynamics Society 2010 Conference

July 25 – 29, 2010, Seoul, Korea

http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/current/index.htm

ECAI 2010 Workshop on Intelligent Engineering Techniques for Knowledge Bases

Aug 16, 2010, Lisbon, Portugal

http://ase.ist.tugraz.at/ecai_2010/

2nd International Workshop on Open Design Spaces (ODS 2010) – Socially Crafting Interactive Experiences

in conjunction with DIS 2010

August 17 2010, Aarhus, Denmark

http://www.open-design-spaces.de/

7th Annual INCOSE SA Chapter Conference

August 17 – 19, 2010, CSIR International Convention Centre, Pretoria, South Africa

http://www.incose.org.za

The 2nd International Workshop on Enterprise Architecture Challenges and Responses

To be held in conjunction with ICIS 2010

August 18 – 20, 2010, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan

http://sewtl.towson.edu/weacr2010/

The Second International Conference on Advances in System Testing and Validation Lifecycle (VALID 2010)

August 22-27, 2010 – Nice, France

http://www.iaria.org/conferences2010/VALID10.html

Improving Systems and Software Engineering Conference (ISSEC 2010)

23 – 26 August 2010

Brisbane Convention & Exhibition Centre, Brisbane, Australia

http://www.issec.com.au/

Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems and Simulation (MAS&S)

August 30 – Sep 3, 2010, Lyon (France)

http://lisdip.deis.unical.it/workshops/mass10/

2nd International Workshop on Model-Driven User-Centric Design & Engineering (MDUCDE’10)

September 1st & 2nd, 2010, Valenciennes/France

http://www.zmmi.de/MDUCDE2010/

European Systems & Software Process Improvement and Innovation

September 1-3, 2010, Grenoble Institute of Technology, France

http://2010.eurospi.net/

INTERACT 2011 – 13th IFIP TC13 Conference on Human-Computer Interaction

September 05-09, 2011, Lisbon, Portugal.

http://www.interact2011.org/

Summer School 2010: Verification Technology, Systems & Applications

September, 06th-10th, 2010, University of Luxembourg, Luxemburg

http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/VTSA10/

3rd Workshop on Autonomic and SELF-adaptive Systems

September 8, 2010, Valencia, Spain

http://quercusseg.unex.es/waself/

1st International Workshop on Reuse in Business Process Management (rBPM 2010)

September 13, 2010, Hoboken, New Jersey – USA

http://each.uspnet.usp.br/rbpm2010/

Modeling Business Information Systems (MoBIS 2010)

September 15-17, 2010, Dresden, Germany

http://tu-dresden.de/die_tu_dresden/fakultaeten/fakultaet_wirtschaftswissenschaften/wi/sysent/mobis2010

7th International Conference on Quantitative Evaluation of SysTems (QEST) 2010

September 15 – 18, 2010, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA at the College of William & Mary, Computer Science Department,

http://www.qest.org/qest2010/

First International Workshop on Evolution Support for Model-Based Development and Testing (EMDT2010)

Co-located with the International Scientific Colloquium (IWK2010)

September 16, 2010, Ilmenau, Germany

http://proinf.de/emdt2010/

15th International Workshop on Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems

(FMICS 2010)

September 20-21, 2010, Antwerp, Belgium

https://es.fbk.eu/events/fmics2010/index.php

8th International Symposium on Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis (ATVA 2010)

September 21-24, 2010, Singapore

http://atva10.comp.nus.edu.sg/index.html

12th International Workshop on Verification of Infinite-State Systems (INFINITY 2010)

September 21, 2010, Singapore

http://www.it.uu.se/workshop/infinity2010/

EPEW 2010: 7th European Performance Engineering Workshop

University Residential Center of Bertinoro, Italy

September 23-24, 2010

http://www.sti.uniurb.it/events/epew2010/

Challenges of Systems Engineering – International Workshop (RuSEC2010)

September 23-24, 2010, Moscow, Russia

http://www.incose.ru/RuSEC2010

ACM International Conference on Design of Communication (SIGDOC’10)

September 26-29, 2010, São Carlos – São Paulo – Brazil

http://www.lia.dc.ufscar.br/SIGDOC2010/

Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO 2010)

September 27-October 1, 2010, Budapest, Hungary

http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/saso10/index.php

Workshop on Socio-Economics Inspiring Self-Managed Systems and Concepts (SEISMYC 2010)

Located at SASO 2010

September 27th, 2010, Budapest, Hungary

1st Brazilian Workshop on Model-Driven Development

September 27, 2010, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

http://www.les.inf.puc-rio.br/opus/wbdsdm/

54th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

September 27-October 1, 2010, San Francisco, USA

http://www.hfes.org/web/HFESMeetings/2010annualmeeting.html

The 18th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE 2010)

September 27, 2010 – Oct 1, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://www.re10.org/

Doctoral Symposium @ RE2010

September 27, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://attend.it.uts.edu.au/re10/?page_id=293

MaRK’10 Third International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge

In conjunction with the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference

September 27, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://www1.cs.tum.edu/static/mark10/

REET’10 Fifth International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Education and Training

In conjunction with the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference

September 28, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://users.cscs.wmin.ac.uk/REET10/

RELAW’10 Third International Workshop on Requirements Engineering and Law

In conjunction with the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference

September 28, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://www.csc2.ncsu.edu/workshops/relaw/

REV’10 Fifth International Workshop on Requirements Engineering Visualization

In conjunction with the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference

September 28, 2010 – Sydney, Australia

http://www.gotel.net/REV10.html

WeRE’10 First International Workshop on the Web and Requirements Engineering

In conjunction with the 18th IEEE International Requirements Engineering Conference

September 28, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://gplsi.dlsi.ua.es/congresos/were10/

Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems (SASO 2010)

September 27-October 1, 2010, Budapest, Hungary

http://www.inf.u-szeged.hu/saso10/

Model-based Testing and Test Automation – From Research into Practice (MoTes2010)

September 27 – October 2, Leipzig, Germany

http://adt.uni-paderborn.de/aktuelles/news-unterseiten/motes10cfp.html

Fifth International Conference on Graph Transformation

University Of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

September 27 – October 2, 2010

http://www.utwente.nl/icgt2010/

1st Workshop on The Web and Requirements Engineering (WeRE’10)

To be held in conjunction with the RE 2010 Joint Conference

September 28, 2010, Sydney, Australia

http://gplsi.dlsi.ua.es/congresos/were10/

4th International Workshop on Graph Based Tools

A satellite event of ICGT’10

September 28th 2010, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

http://grabats2010.inf.mit.bme.hu/

PDMC 2010

9th International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Methods in verifiCation

Joint with 2nd International Workshop on High Performance Computational Systems Biology (HiBi 2010)

September 30 – October 1, 2010, Twente, The Netherlands

Co-locating with

5th International Conference on Graph Transformation (ICGT 2010) , 29 September – 1 October, 2010

17th Annual workshop on Software Model Checking (SPIN 2010), 27 September – 29 September, 2010

http://www.pdmc.cz/PDMC10/

ACM/IEEE 13th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MODELS 2010)

October 3-8, 2010, Oslo, Norway

http://models2010.ifi.uio.no/

5th International Workshop models@run.time

In Conjunction with Models 2010

October 3-8, 2010, Oslo, Norway

http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~bencomo/MRT10/

Workshop on OCL and Textual Modelling

In Conjunction with Models 2010

October 3-8, 2010, Oslo, Norway

http://modeling-languages.com/events/OCLWorkshop2010/index.html

First Workshop on Model Driven Interoperability (MDI’2010)

In Conjunction with Models 2010

October 3-5, 2010, Oslo, Norway

http://mdi2010.lcc.uma.es/

3rd International Workshop on Model Based Architecting and Construction of Embedded Systems

In Conjunction with Models 2010

October 3-5, 2010, Oslo, Norway

http://www.artist-embedded.org/artist/Overview,2130

Fourth Asia-Pacific Conference on Systems Engineering (APCOSE 2010)

October 4-6, 2010, Keelung, Taiwan

http://www.incose-taiwanchapter.org/APCOSE2010/

2010 isee User Conference

October 4-6, 2010, The Westin Providence, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

http://www.iseesystems.com/community/UserConference/Announcement.aspx

IFM 2010: Integrated Formal Methods 8th International Conference

October 11 – 14, 2010, Nancy, France

http://ifm2010.loria.fr/

Sixth Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (NordiCHI 2010)

October 16 – 20, Reykjavik Iceland

http://www.yourhost.is/nordichi2010

International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA) Conference

October 17-21, 2010, Alexandria, VA, USA

http://iiba.informz.ca/IIBA/archives/archive_54465.html

Dynamic Languages Symposium 2010

Co-located with SPLASH 2010

In cooperation with ACM SIGPLAN (PENDING)

October 18, 2010, Reno, Nevada, USA

http://www.dynamic-languages-symposium.org/dls-10/

FMCAD 2010 – Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design

October 20 – 23, 2010, Lugano, Switzerland

http://fmcad10.iaik.tugraz.at/

MIT Systems Thinking Conference

October 21-22,2010 , Broad Auditorium, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

http://sdm.mit.edu/index.php?fileName=conf09/sdm_conference.html

NDIA 13th Annual Systems Engineering Conference

October 25-28, 2010, Hyatt Regency Mission Bay, San Diego, CA, USA

http://www.ndia.org/meetings/1870/Pages/default.aspx

Requirements Days 2010

October 26 – 28, 2010, Mϋnchen, Germany

http://www.redays.de/

5th International Workshop on Enterprise Integration, Interoperability and Networking (EI2N’2010)

October 27-28, 2010, Hersonissou, Crete, Greece

http://www.onthemove-conferences.org/index.php/ei2n2010

Complex Systems Design & Management 2010

October 27-29, 2010, Paris, France

http://www.csdm2010.csdm.fr/

http://www.incose-taiwanchapter.org/APCOSE2010/

12th IEEE International High Assurance Systems Engineering Symposium (HASE 2010)

Co-Located with the 21st IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

November 1-4, 2010, San Jose, CA, USA

http://eventseer.net/e/13454/

29th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2010)

November 1-4, 2010, Vancouver, BC, Canada

http://www.er2010.sauder.ubc.ca/

Seventh International Workshop on Web Information Systems Modeling (WISM 2010)

(Held in conjunction with ER 2010)

November 1-4, 2010, Vancouver, BC, Canada

http://people.few.eur.nl/frasincar/workshops/wism2010/

The 12th IEEE International High Assurance Systems Engineering Symposium

November 1-4, 2010, San Jose, California, USA

http://www.issre2010.org/content/hase-2010

2010 IITA International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering (CASE 2010)

November 7-8, 2010, Taipei, Taiwan

http://www.wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=7428&copyownerid=2

No Magic World Conference

November 7-10th, 2010, American Airlines Conference Center, Fort Worth, TX

http://www.umlconference.com/dfw/index.aspx

Annual Systems Engineering Conference 2010 (ASEC10)

November 8-10, 2010, Heythrop Park Hotel, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, UK

http://www.incoseonline.org.uk/Groups/UKChapter/Show_Event_Details.aspx?CatID=Events&EventID=138

SEPG Latin America 2010

November 10-12, 2010, Medellín, Colombia

http://www.esi.es/SEPGLA/convocatoria.php

Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)

Fall Symposium: Complex Adaptive Systems: Resilience, Robustness, and Evolvability

November 11 – 13, 2010, Arlington, VA

http://sites.google.com/site/complexadaptivesystems2010/

5th Trends in Enterprise Architecture Research (TEAR2010) workshop

November 12, 2010 as part of the Enterprise Engineering Week at the Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands from the 9th of November to the 12th of November

http://tear.enterpriseengineeringnetwork.org/

CMMI 10th Annual Technology Conference and User Group

November 15-18, 2010, Hyatt Regency Tech Center – Denver, Colorado, USA

http://www.ndia.org/meetings/1110/Pages/default.aspx

Third IEEE International workshop UML and Formal Methods

Held in conjunction with the 12th International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2010

November 16th, 2010, Shanghai, China

http://www.artist-embedded.org/artist/Overview,2099.html

22nd International Conference Software & Systems Engineering and their Applications (ICSSEA 2010)

December 7-9, 2010, Paris, France

http://icssea.enst.fr/

National Institute of Technology – National Systems Conference 2010

December 10-12, 2010, National Institute Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, India

http://www.mcapapers.info/2010/05/23/7861255/nit-%E2%80%93-national-systems-conference-2010-%E2%80%93-karnataka/index.html

ICISE 2010: International Conference on Intelligent Systems Engineering

December 18, 2010, Bangkok, Thailand

http://www.waset.org/conferences/2010/bangkok/icise/

ICECSE 2011 “International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering”

January 25-27, 2011, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

http://www.waset.org/conferences/2011/dubai/icecse/

Second ACM/SPEC International Conference on Performance Engineering

(ICPE 2011)

March 14-16, 2010, Karlsruhe, Germany

http://icpe2011.ipd.kit.edu/

Education and Academia

Institute for Advanced Systems Engineering

The Institute for Advanced Systems Engineering (IASE) is an interdisciplinary research unit in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems at the University of Central Florida. It is home to cross disciplinary research and education programs in systems engineering, and is committed to developing advanced solutions and tools for systems engineering problems in a variety of application domains. IASE based projects are conducted through partnerships with industry leaders and government, bringing together faculty and students from multiple academic departments and colleges across the university and Central Florida industry partners.

IASE mission

The IASE mission is to serve the systems engineering community at large in Central Florida and around the world by:

  • Providing access to experienced researchers in multiple disciplines of engineering
  • Conducting leading-edge research projects jointly developed by industry leaders and university experts
  • Exchanging ideas and collaboration among academia, industry and government on crucial systems engineering issues
  • Delivering on-campus and on-line graduate education in systems engineering
  • IASE was established at University of Central Florida to advance and support central Florida research in Systems Engineering.

More information

Research Fellow – University of Surrey – Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Surrey Space Centre

Applications are invited for the position of Post-Doctoral Research Fellow at the Surrey Space Centre (SSC) on System Modelling and Requirements Verification of Robotic Spacecraft for a period of 24 months. This position involves in depth systems engineering of robotic spacecraft leading to development of accurate system level models for verification of requirements using IBM Rhapsody software- Systems Modelling Language (SysML) and Telelogic Doors.

More information

Some Systems Engineering-Relevant Websites

http://www.gradschools.com/search-programs/systems-engineering

GradSchools.com is an online graduate school guide to find the best graduate schools and graduate degree programs.

http://systemthinker.org/

Systemthinker.org is managed by a team of enthusiasts on Cybernetics, System Dynamics, Systems Thinking, Simulation and General Systems Theory. Their main goal is the creation of an efficient knowledge base and learning center that will aid the achievement of the Natural Systemic Thinking.

http://education-portal.com/articles/Online_Systems_Engineering_Degree_and_Certificate_Program_Information.html

Original Articles and Videos for Researching Schools, Degree Programs, Careers, and Online Courses – Claiming to be the Web’s Largest Education Portal

Standards and Guides

Tutorial: Architectural Rendering with ISO/IEC 42010

At 4th European Conference on Software Architecture

August 23, 2010, IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark

IEEE Standard 1471, Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software-Intensive Systems, was published in 2000 as the first standard aimed at architecture description. In 2007, it was adopted by ISO and since then has been jointly updated by IEEE and ISO as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010, Systems and software engineering — Architecture description.

This tutorial introduces the key concepts and mechanisms of the newly revised standard, in the context of practical approaches to architectural rendering of software-intensive systems.

More information

A Definition to Close on

 

TBD

PPI News

 

TBD

TBD

PPI Events (see www.ppi-int.com)

Systems Engineering Public 5-Day Courses (2010)

{Julie to plug in list by location to end of December 2010}

Requirements Analysis and Specification Writing Public Courses (2010)

{ Julie to plug in list by location to end of December 2010 }

Software Engineering Public 5-Day Courses (2010)

{ Julie to plug in list by location to end of December 2010 }

OCD/CONOPS Public Courses (2010)

{ Julie to plug in list by location to end of December 2010 }

Cognitive Systems Engineering Courses (2010)

{ Julie to plug in list by location to end of December 2010 }

PPI Upcoming Participation in Professional Conferences

{Julie to plug in – cover the rest of 2009 and to July 2010}

Kind regards from the SyEN team:

Robert Halligan, Managing Editor, email: rhalligan@ppi-int.com

Alwyn Smit, Editor, email: asmit@ppi-int.com

Luke Simpson, Production, email: lsimpson@ppi-int.com

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  1. Image by Cary Bass retrieved from Wikimedia and used under the Creative Commons License http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Gate_Bridge_Yang_Ming_Line.jpg

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